Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

What is Eustachian Tube Dysfunction?

Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) occurs when the Eustachian tubes (which connect the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat) become blocked or fail to open properly, affecting ear pressure and drainage. This can lead to ear pain, pressure, hearing issues, and discomfort.

The Eustachian tubes regulate air pressure, drain fluid, and protect the middle ear from infections.

 

Symptoms of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Symptoms may be mild or severe and can last from a few hours to weeks.

Common Symptoms:

  • Ear fullness or pressure
  • Muffled or reduced hearing
  • Popping or clicking sounds in the ear
  • Tinnitus (ringing in the ear)
  • Pain or discomfort in the ear
  • Feeling of fluid in the ear
  • Dizziness or balance problem

Severe Symptoms (Rare):

  • Persistent ear pain
  • Significant hearing loss
  • Chronic ear infections

Symptoms may worsen with:

  • Altitude changes (e.g., flying, diving, driving in mountains)
  • Colds or sinus infections and Allergies

 

Causes of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction:

  1. Upper Respiratory Infections (Colds, Flu, Sinusitis)
    • Viral or bacterial infections cause inflammation and blockage.
  2. Allergies
    • Pollen, dust, or pet dander can lead to nasal congestion and tube dysfunction.
  3. Changes in Air Pressure
    • Flying, scuba diving, or driving at high altitudes can cause barotrauma (pressure-related damage).
  4. Enlarged Adenoids or Tumours (Rare)
    • In children, enlarged adenoids can block the Eustachian tubes.
  5. Acid Reflux (Laryngopharyngeal Reflux – LPR)
    • Stomach acid irritating the throat can cause inflammation.

 

Diagnosis:

  • A doctor may check for ear drum abnormalities using:
  • Otoscopy – to check for fluid or retraction of the eardrum
  • Tympanometry – measures ear drum movement and pressure
  • Audiometry (Hearing Test) – to assess hearing loss

 

Treatment for Eustachian Tube Dysfunction:

Mild cases often resolve on their own. However, persistent or severe cases need treatment.
 
Home Remedies & Self-Care:
  • Swallowing, Yawning, or Chewing Gum – helps open the tubes
  • Valsalva Manoeuvre (Equalising Pressure)
  • Close your mouth, pinch your nose, and gently blow
  • Nasal Saline Irrigation (Neti Pot or Spray)
  • Helps clear nasal congestion
  • Steam Inhalation – loosens mucus
  • Medications (if needed)
  • Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine, oxymetazoline)
  • Antihistamines (e.g., loratadine, cetirizine) – if allergies are the cause
  • Nasal Steroids (e.g., fluticasone, mometasone) – reduce inflammation
  • Pain Relievers (e.g., ibuprofen, paracetamol) – for discomfort

Medical Procedures for Severe Cases:

  • Myringotomy (Ear Tube Placement - grommet) – Drains fluid from the middle ear
  • Balloon Dilation of the Eustachian Tube – Opens blocked tubes
  • Surgery for Adenoid Removal – If enlarged adenoids cause blockage.

 

Dr Geranmayeh