HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) is a blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It provides a picture of how well your blood sugar has been controlled over a longer period, rather than just at a single point in time.

How HbA1c Works:

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body.
Glucose (sugar) in your blood naturally attaches to hemoglobin, forming what is known as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
The more glucose in your blood, the more HbA1c forms. The HbA1c test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated, which reflects your average blood sugar levels.

Ideal HbA1c Levels in mmol/mol for Diabetes Patients:

For most adults with diabetes: The target HbA1c level is below 53 mmol/mol (which is equivalent to 7%).

For tighter control: Some patients may aim for an HbA1c of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or lower, if it can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia.

For more lenient targets: In certain situations, like older age, long duration of diabetes, or other health conditions, a target of 58-64 mmol/mol (7.5%-8%) may be considered more appropriate.

Summary:

53 mmol/mol (7%) or lower is generally considered a good target for most adults with diabetes.

48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or lower may be ideal for some patients, while 58-64 mmol/mol (7.5%-8%) may be acceptable for others based on individual circumstances.

Monitoring and maintaining your HbA1c within these target levels is key to managing diabetes effectively and reducing the risk of complications.