Rubella Infection: Complications & Importance of Vaccination
Overview of Rubella
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is typically mild in children and adults but can cause severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy.

Complications of Rubella:

In Children & Adults:

Mild fever, rash, and lymph node swelling are common.
Joint pain & arthritis (more common in adult women).
Encephalitis (rare, but can lead to brain inflammation).
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets, causing bleeding issues).
Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) – The Most Serious Complication
If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, it can lead to CRS in the baby, causing:

Deafness
Blindness (cataracts & glaucoma)
Congenital heart defects
Intellectual disabilities
Liver & spleen damage
Growth retardation
Stillbirth or miscarriage
The risk is highest in the first trimester, with up to 90% chance of severe birth defects if infected before 11 weeks of pregnancy.

Importance of Vaccination
The MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) is the most effective way to prevent rubella.

Why Vaccination is Crucial?

Eliminates Rubella & CRS – Countries with high vaccination rates have nearly eradicated congenital rubella syndrome.
Provides Lifelong Immunity – Two doses of MMR vaccine provide long-term protection.
Prevents Outbreaks – Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated (e.g., pregnant women, immunocompromised).
Part of Routine Childhood Immunization – Given at 12-15 months and 3-5 years in the UK.
Global Impact: Rubella has been eliminated in many countries due to vaccination, but outbreaks still occur in regions with low vaccine coverage.

References & Further Reading:
WHO – Rubella and CRS: www.who.int
CDC – Rubella Information: www.cdc.gov
NHS – MMR Vaccine: www.nhs.uk

Dr Geranmayeh