Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a viral disease caused by the mpox virus, which is related to the smallpox virus but is generally less severe. Mpox was first discovered in laboratory monkeys in 1958, which is how it got its name, although it is primarily spread by rodents in the wild.

Symptoms of Mpox

Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Backache
Swollen lymph nodes
Chills
Exhaustion
Rash: This typically begins within a few days after the fever, starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash goes through several stages, from macules (flat, discoloured spots) to papules (raised bumps), vesicles (small fluid-filled blisters), and pustules (larger pus-filled blisters), before finally forming scabs that eventually fall off.

Transmission

Animal to Human: Through bites, scratches, or direct contact with the blood, body fluids, or rash of an infected animal, often rodents or primates.
Human to Human: Through close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person, or recently contaminated objects like bedding. Transmission can also occur through prolonged face-to-face contact or intimate physical contact.

How Widespread Is Mpox Now?

Global Spread: Mpox was historically found in Central and West Africa, where it was considered endemic. However, in 2022, there was an unprecedented global outbreak that spread to many countries outside of Africa, including the Americas, Europe, Asia, and other regions.
2022-2023 Outbreak: The outbreak saw thousands of cases in countries where the virus was not typically found, leading to widespread concern and public health responses.

Current Situation: As of 2024, the global situation has improved significantly due to vaccination efforts, increased awareness, and public health measures. However, mpox has not been eradicated and still poses a risk, particularly in areas where vaccination coverage is low or where the virus is endemic.

Prevention and Control

Vaccination: Smallpox vaccines, particularly the newer ones developed for both smallpox and mpox, can provide protection. Vaccination campaigns have been implemented in response to outbreaks, especially targeting high-risk groups.
Public Health Measures: Quarantine of infected individuals, contact tracing, and public education on reducing exposure to animals and practicing good hygiene have been key in controlling the spread.

Summary

Mpox is a viral disease related to smallpox, with symptoms including fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. While historically limited to Central and West Africa, a global outbreak in 2022-2023 led to cases worldwide. Although the situation has since improved, mpox remains a concern, particularly in regions where it is endemic or where vaccination coverage is insufficient. Continued vigilance, vaccination, and public health efforts are crucial to controlling its spread.

Dr Geranmayeh